Wednesday, September 28, 2011

Take a reading

Choose a weather instrument and describe what it measures and how it was developed.

DO NOT REPEAT! This will be extremely challenging if you wait until the last minute!

Due on Wednesday, October 5th at midnight.

30 comments:

  1. My instrument that I chose is the barometer. Barometers measures air pressure. It tell you whether pressure is rising or falling. Sunny and dry conditions occur when it rises. A falling barometer indicates stormy and wet conditions. The italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli built the first barometer. Galileo suggested he use mercury. Torricelli filled a four foot long tube with mercury and turned the tube upside down in a dish. Torricelli observed that the mercury that didn't escape created a vacuum. He realized that variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was cause by atmospheric pressure. The first mercury barometer was then built around 1644.

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  2. The weather instrument that I chose is the anemometer.  The purpose of this instrument is to measure wind speed.  The device either has propellers or cup like devices that spin around. The wind blows the anemometer and it determine the wind speed based on how many rotations it made within a segment of time.  The first anemometer wA built by an Italian artist named Leon Battista Alberti.  He started with a plate rotating on a pendulum.  A while after this Da Vinci included a scale to measure the speed more accurately.  Robert Hooke is given credit for making the first anemometer.  All of these different contributions formed the anemometer that we use today.

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  3. The weather instrument I chose was a Thermometer. A Thermometer measures the temperature of an object using many different principles. In a mercury or alcohol thermometer the liquid expands as it is heated and contracts when it is cooled. The word temperature comes from the Greek work thermo which is heat and meter to measure. In 1592 Galileo Galilei produced a thermoscope, like a thermometer but without a scale, so it wasn’t very accurate. An Italian doctor named Santorio is noticed to have been the first to add numbers to the scale. In the 1680s Guillaume Amontons developed a thermometer that used mercury. Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first successful mercury thermometer in 1714. Ten years later he came up with an actual scale that we now use today. Anders Celsius came up with the Celsius scale in 1742 based on the freezing point and boiling point of water. Now we use both today just to measure the temperature of water, air, and other things that we might need measuring the hotness or coldness of.

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  4. The weather instrument I chose is a rain gauge. A rain gauge is an instrument used to measure the amount of rain that falls in a location. Rain gauge also known as a udometer or a pluviometer or an ombrometer was developed from the Ancient Greeks about 500 B.C. This was followed 100 years later by people in India using bowls to record the rainfall. Most rain gauges generally measure the precipitation in millimeters. The level of rainfall is sometimes reported as inches or centimeters.

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  5. hygrometer measures humidity of the air. the hygrometer was demenstrated by Horace-Benidict de Saussure. it had a human hair and as the humidity in the air got greater the hair would contract also know as friz and raise a needle on a gauge to show the humidity of the air.

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  6. The weather instrument I chose is a sling psychrometer. It measures relative humidity. Two thermometers are used in a sling psychrometer. Wet the cloth of one of the thermometers and swing the psychrometer around a few times. Water evaporates from the cloth, causing the temperatures on that thermometer to be lower the the other.

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  7. For my weather instrument I choose a Wind Vane. You might see these on houses or even other buildings and wonder what they do. They are an instrument that measures the direction that the wind is going in. Often times the smaller Wind Vanes are integrated into some anemometers, or even used in weather sensing stations. The wind pressure pushes on a large surface to align the vain onto the wind direction. In America 1700 the first recorded Weather Vane was developed by Shem Drowne. He was originally from Belgium and was just hammering around, until he came up with the idea of a Wind Vane.

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  8. The weather instrument I am choosing is called the Campbell Stokes Recorder. This instrument, named after the creator, John Francis Campbell, measures the amount of sunlight present during a certain part of the day. The way that it measures the amount of sunlight is it is placed at a 45 degree angle to the sun. Next, the sun's rays reflect off of the glass sphere on the outside of the Recorder onto a paper on the inside, burning a spot onto the paper where the level of sunlight is. There are different cards for different times of the year, such as a Fall Equinox card or a summer card. It was developed by Campbell realizing that he could measure the sun's intensity with just a glass sphere magnifying the sun's rays and burning a hole in a card with special markings on it.

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  9. The weather instrument that I chose is Wind Sock. This instrument shows the speed and direction of the wind. A wind sock may be referred to as an air sleeve, an air sock, a wind cone, or a wind sleeve. Wind socks are often associated with and can be found at airports. But they can also be seen in a wide variety of other locations. The wind sock doesn’t measure anything at all. The Japanese invented the wind sock. Brian Cosgrove writes that the Chinese flew kites in the wind at least as far back as 500 B.C. The Chinese made kites in a variety of shapes and sizes, including some that were shaped like socks. These were probably the earliest version of a wind sock.

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  10. Dropsondes are tube-shaped tools with a parachute on the end. They are dropped from an airplane or aircraft at a high altitude to measure air pressure, temperature, relative humidity and horizontal winds. There is a sensor on the tube-like part of the dropsondes that collects the information and sends it to a computer hooked up to the tool. Dropsondes were created by the National Center for Atmospheric Research. They were developed to gather information on storms and developing storms, especially hurricanes and tropical storms.

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  11. The radiosonde is a small, expendable instrument package that is suspended below a 6 feet wide balloon filled with hydrogen or helium. As the radiosonde is carried, sensors on the radiosonde measure profiles of pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. These sensors are linked to a battery powered radio transmitter that sends the sensor measurements to a sensitive ground receiver on a radio frequency. By tracking the position of the radiosonde in flight, information on wind speed and direction is also kept. Observations where winds are also obtained are called "rawinsonde" observations. The radiosonde started out being a meteograph attatched to kites that were tied to the ground. But they came to find it was not sufficient because it was limited to low altitudes. So, Gustave Hermite and Georges Besançon from France were the first to balloon fly the meteograph in 1892. Robert Bureau then came up with the name "radiosonde" and flew the first instrument on January 7, 1929.

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  12. The weather instrument i choose is the snow guage. It's used by meteoroligists and hydroligists to gather and measure the solid amount of precipitation. It consists of to parts, a copper catchment container and the funnel shaped gauge itself. While the depth of snow is normally measured in centimeters, the measurement of melted snow (water) is in millimeters. It was developed because meteoroligists and hydrologists wanted to measure the amounts of snow and the depth of it. A way to find snow depth is to multiply the snow water, by ten.

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  13. The weather instrument i chose is a sundial. The shadow stick is the earliest form of sundial. People judged the time of day by the length and position of the stick's shadow. The technical name for a shadow stick is gnomon,(NO mon) which is Greek for "the one that knows".

    The ancient Egyptians built tall stone towers called obelisks. Everybody could tell the time by looking at the obelisk's shadow. Obelisks were sometimes called "Cleopatra's Needles"

    As the earth turns on its axis, the sun appears to move across the sky. The shadows the sun casts move in a clockwise direction for objects in the northern hemisphere. If the sun rose and set at the same time and spot on the horizon each day shadow sticks would have been accurate clocks. However, the earth is always spinning like a top. It spins around an imaginary line called its axis. The axis runs through the center of the earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. The earth's axis is always tilted at the same angle.

    Every 24 hours the earth makes one complete turn, or rotation. The earth rotates on its axis from west to east. The earth's rotation causes day and night. As the earth rotates, the night side will move into the sunlight, and the day side will move into the dark.

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  15. The weather instrument I chose would be a water-based barometer. Water-based barometers work very similarly to mercury barometers in that the rise and fall of the water signals weather changes. Water-based barometers are a sealed glass container containing colored water. They have a spout that starts below the water line and rises up above it. When the water in the spout rises above the water line this indicates that a low pressure system has developed and you can expect warmer, wetter and windier weather. Conversely if the water in the spout drops below the water line this shows that a high pressure system has developed and the weather is likely to be more cool and dry.

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  18. The weather instrument i choose is called a weather balloon.A weather balloon floats in the atmosphere to gather clues about weather all over the world. To obtain wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems -like the satellite based Global Positioning System also known as a GPS.
    The invention of the weather balloon inaugurated the age of remote sensing,or the ability to collect information from unmanned sources. Use of weather balloons is now common in advanced atmospheric research. High altitude weather balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists seeking to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's relatively thick lower atmosphere (troposphere).

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  19. The weather instrument that I chose was a ceilometer. A ceilometer is an instrument that uses a laser or any other light source to find the height of a cloud base. They are also used to measure the aerosol concentration in the atmosphere. The ceilometer was developed in 1897 by a man named Ty Beck, who discovered it by working outside one day and realizing using light can measure the base of a cloud. There are two different types of ceilometers: laser ceilometers and optical drum ceilometers.

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  20. Weather satellites are used to see the BIG picture of things. These satellites send pictures of the earth from space to computers here. They are made of complex cameras and computers. The weather satellite is also capable of capturing more then just cloud cover, it can take high resolution pictures of wild fires, wind storms, snow cover and more.

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  21. http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/measuring-precipitation.html

    The weather instrument I chose to write about is the disdrometer. Many people have never heard of a disdrometer, but weather scientists use it very often. A disdrometer is an instrument used to measure the drop size distribution and velocity of falling hydrometeors. Some disdrometers can distinguish between rain, graupel, and hail. Disdrometers are used for many reasons, such as traffic control, scientific examination, airport observation systems, and hydrology. Disdrometers are recenty used by microwave or laser technologies and consist of two units. This tool measures precipiation using a sensor and the processor.

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  22. The weather instrument I chose is a windmill. The windmill is a machine that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades. The windmill use to be for milling grain for food production. There are many different sizes and shapes of windmills. There is some tall, big, small, some could even be put on a side of house.

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  23. Weather satellites or meteorological satellites, are weather instruments that monitor weather and climate of weather. Weather satellites also measure clouds and its systems. They can see how pollution affects weather and climate, ocean currents, snow cover and more from outer space. Two types of weather satellites are polar orbiting and geostationary. Polar orbiting satellites give the best coverage of parts of the world that are difficult to cover on site. Geostationary satellites allow you to see a very wide range of severe storms and typhoons. Satellites are like cameras that scan Earth to form pictures. Satellites have sorts of small telescopes that can scan and detect weather stations.
    http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/SCOOL/orbits.html

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  24. The bueford wind force scale is a scale created to me sure wind FORCE. It was not used for speed but force. it was used in the navy to tell if they should keep their sails up or not. it was invented by sir. Beuford who was in the navy himself. the scale is measured on a scale from 0-12. on zero to 5 the sails are up, from 6-9 the sails were halfway and 9+ then they took the whole sails down.

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  25. The instrument I have chosen is a Lightning detector. This device measures the estimated time of when a storm is near by. This device includes a calculated approach speed of oncoming storms, expected time of storm arrival, a 75 mile storm detection range, and storm approach accuracy within 10%. This technology converts data from the intensity of electro-magnetic field emissions of lightning activity within a storm cell into a reading.

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  27. The weather instrument I chose was a compass.Compasses are weather direction indicators. On the compass it has North, East, South, and West. Compasses are a basic weather prediction instrument that should be included in every amateur weather person's instrument cache. When the wind changes direction, the weather software automatically calculates the specific direction within microseconds of the change. If a weather pattern is causing havoc and the compass in the weather station indicates that the wind is coming from the direction of the rough weather, it can help the weather prognosticator to determine whether or not to take cover. Compasses are good to take on a trip. Without a compass, we can only guess the general direction of weather pattern movement, especially when we cannot view the sky, such as during an overcast day or night.

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  28. The weather instrument that I chose to write about is the altimeter. It is an instrument that measures altitude and pressure of an area. So the lower the pressure the worse the weather is going to be. There are many different types of altimeters. This kind of altimeter is used in recreational events like camping.

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  29. The instrument i chose is Hurricane Hunters. The Hurricane Hunters are aircraft that fly into tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean for the specific purpose of directly measuring weather data in and around those storms. In the United States, the Air Force, Navy, and NOAA units have all participated in this mission. Before artificial satellites were used to find storms, the military units flew routine weather reconnaissance tracks to detect formation of tropical cyclones. Although satellite data has revolutionized weather forecasters' ability to detect early signs of tropical cyclones before they form, there are still many important tasks they are not suited for. Satellites cannot determine the interior barometric pressure of a hurricane, nor provide accurate wind speed information.

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  30. The weather instrument I chose was the pyranometer which measures global radiation. Its made of 64 constantan copper thermocouples combined in a star formation and measures temp. balance. The first ever one accurately measure indirect and direct solar radiation it was created by Anders Kntsson Angstom a Swedish physicist and meteorologist.

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